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File:1991 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise:
Boris Yeltsin Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
,
elected Elected may refer to: * "Elected" (song), by Alice Cooper, 1973 * ''Elected'' (EP), by Ayreon, 2008 *The Elected, an American indie rock band See also *Election An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population ...
as
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
's first
president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
, waves the new flag of Russia after the
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup,, "August Putsch". was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Soviet Union's Communist Party to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet ...
, orchestrated by
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
hardliners;
Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon. Its eruptive history w ...
erupts in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
, making it the second-largest
volcanic eruption Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are oft ...
of the
20th century The 20th (twentieth) century began on January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the modern era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear ...
;
MTS Oceanos MTS ''Oceanos'' was a French-built and Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship without helping th ...
sinks off the coast of
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, but the crew notoriously abandons the vessel before the passengers are rescued;
Dissolution of the Soviet Union The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Sov ...
: The
Soviet flag The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), commonly known as the Soviet flag (), was the official state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 to 1991. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from ...
is lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the flag of the
Russian Federation Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
; The
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
and soon-to-be dissolved
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
sign the START I Treaty; A
tropical cyclone A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depend ...
strikes
Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
, killing nearly 140,000 people; Lauda Air Flight 004 crashes after one of its
thrust reversers Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion of an aircraft engine's thrust for it to act against the forward travel of the aircraft, providing deceleration. Thrust reverser systems are featured on many jet aircraft to ...
activates during the flight; A
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
-led coalition initiates
Operation Desert Storm Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
to remove
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
and
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolution ...
from
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
, 300x300px, thumb rect 0 0 200 200
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup,, "August Putsch". was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Soviet Union's Communist Party to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet ...
rect 200 0 400 200 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo rect 400 0 600 200
MTS Oceanos MTS ''Oceanos'' was a French-built and Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship without helping th ...
rect 0 200 300 400
Operation Desert Storm Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
rect 300 200 600 400
Dissolution of the Soviet Union The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Sov ...
rect 0 400 200 600 Lauda Air Flight 004 rect 200 400 400 600 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rect 400 400 600 600 START I
It was the final year of the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
that had begun in 1947. During the year, the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the
CIS Cis or cis- may refer to: Places * Cis, Trentino, in Italy * In Poland: ** Cis, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central ** Cis, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, north Math, science and biology * cis (mathematics) (cis(''θ'')), a trigonome ...
in its place. In July 1991,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
abandoned its policies of
socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...
and
autarky Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems. Autarky as an ideal or method has been embraced by a wide range of political ideologies and movements, especiall ...
and began extensive neoliberal changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased
economic inequality There are wide varieties of economic inequality, most notably income inequality measured using the distribution of income (the amount of money people are paid) and wealth inequality measured using the distribution of wealth (the amount of we ...
over the next two decades. A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
, which had
invaded An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
and annexed
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
in the previous year,
1990 File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
. The conflict would be called the
Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: ...
and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the
Yugoslav Wars The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related Naimark (2003), p. xvii. ethnic conflicts, wars of independence, and insurgencies that took place in the SFR Yugoslavia from 1991 to 2001. The conflicts both led up to and resulted from ...
, which ran through the rest of the decade. In the context of the
apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
, the year after the liberation of political prisoner
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist who served as the President of South Africa, first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1 ...
, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950 overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid. The year 1991 saw the rise of a 10 years long boost of the US domestic economy with the
Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity inde ...
remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time. This situation would only be cut short by the
Dot-com bubble The dot-com bubble (dot-com boom, tech bubble, or the Internet bubble) was a stock market bubble in the late 1990s, a period of massive growth in the use and adoption of the Internet. Between 1995 and its peak in March 2000, the Nasdaq Compo ...
of 2000–2002. In August, the
World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet. Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web se ...
, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside
CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...
to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that lead to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing
globalization Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20t ...
around the globe. In terms of
popular culture Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a ...
, during this year
alternative rock Alternative rock, or alt-rock, is a category of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1990s. "Alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from Popular culture, mainstre ...
saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown
grunge Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is an alternative rock genre and subculture that emerged during the in the American Pacific Northwest state of Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby towns. Grunge fuses elements of p ...
sound were released, including the influential ''
Nevermind ''Nevermind'' is the second studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on September 24, 1991, by DGC Records. It was Nirvana's first release on a major label and the first to feature drummer Dave Grohl. Produced by Butch Vig, '' ...
'' album by Seattle-based band
Nirvana ( , , ; sa, निर्वाण} ''nirvāṇa'' ; Pali: ''nibbāna''; Prakrit: ''ṇivvāṇa''; literally, "blown out", as in an oil lampRichard Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo.' ...
in September 1991. It was also in 1991 that hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success. Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, alone with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade.


Events


January

*
January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...
becomes the second
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
an country to abandon its
command economy A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, p ...
. *
January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
n troops attack
Tskhinvali Tskhinvali ( ka, ცხინვალი ) or Tskhinval ( os, Цхинвал, Чъреба, Tskhinval, Chreba, ; rus, Цхинва́л(и), r=Tskhinvál(i), ) is the capital of the disputed ''de facto'' independent Republic of South Ossetia, int ...
, the capital of
South Ossetia South Ossetia, ka, სამხრეთი ოსეთი, ( , ), officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated populat ...
, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War. * January 71991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by the
Tonton Macoute The Tonton Macoute ( ht, Tonton Makout) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ' (VSN, Voluntee ...
, a paramilitary force under former dictator
Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (; 3 July 19514 October 2014), nicknamed "Baby Doc" ( ht, Bebe Dòk), was a Haitian politician who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in February 1986. He succeeded his father ...
, is thwarted in Haiti. On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first
democratically elected government An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative ...
. * January 9 **
Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: ...
:
U.S. Secretary of State The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Ca ...
James Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, diplomat and statesman. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 10th White House Chief of Staff and 67th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President ...
meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister
Tariq Aziz Tariq Aziz ( ar, طارق عزيز , 28 April 1936 – 5 June 2015) was an Iraqi politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and a close advisor of President Saddam Hussein. Their association began in the 1950s wh ...
but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. ** In
Sebokeng Sebokeng () locally called Zweni by residents, is a middle-class township in the Emfuleni Local Municipality in southern Gauteng, South Africa near the industrial cities of Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. Other neighboring townships include Evaton ...
,
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an
African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) is a Social democracy, social-democratic political party in Republic of South Africa, South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when ...
leader, killing 45 people. *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
– Gulf War: The 102nd
U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washin ...
passes a
resolution Resolution(s) may refer to: Common meanings * Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate * Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body * New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual mak ...
authorizing the use of
military force A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
to expel Iraqi forces from
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
. * January 13 **Singing Revolution:
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
forces storm
Vilnius Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urb ...
to stop Lithuanian independence, killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
, a series of confrontations between the
Latvian government 200px, Meeting room of the Government of Latvia in the Palace of Justice The Government of Latvia is the central government of the Republic of Latvia. The Constitution of Latvia ( lv, Satversme) outlines the nation as a parliamentary republic ...
and the
Soviet government The Government of the Soviet Union ( rus, Прави́тельство СССР, p=prɐˈvʲitʲɪlʲstvə ɛs ɛs ɛs ˈɛr, r=Pravítelstvo SSSR, lang=no), formally the All-Union Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, commonly ab ...
take place in
Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Ba ...
. *
January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
** Gulf War: The UN deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of
Operation Desert Storm Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
. **
Prime Minister of Cape Verde This article lists the prime ministers of Cape Verde, an island country in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa, since the establishment of the office of prime minister in 1975. Pedro Pires was the first person to hold the office, ta ...
Pedro Pires Pedro de Verona Rodrigues Pires (; born 29 April 1934) is a Cape Verdean politician who served as Prime Minister of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991, and later as President from 2001 to 2011. Life and career Pires was born in São Filipe, Fogo, Cape ...
resigns following his party's loss in the Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation. Later on February 17,
António Mascarenhas Monteiro António Manuel Mascarenhas Gomes Monteiro (; 16 February 1944 – 16 September 2016) was the first democratically elected President of Cape Verde from 22 March 1991 to 22 March 2001. Early life and education Born in Ribeira da Barca in 1944 ...
wins the country's first multiparty presidential election since 1975. *
January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– Gulf War:
Operation Desert Storm Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
begins with air strikes against
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
. *
January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...
**Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the G ...
on January 19 and 96 people injured in
Ramat Gan Ramat Gan ( he, רָמַת גַּן or , ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of the municipality of Tel Aviv and part of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, and many ...
on January 22. **
Harald V of Norway Harald V ( no, Harald den femte, ; born 21 February 1937) is King of Norway. He acceded to the throne on 17 January 1991. Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the lin ...
becomes the
king of Norway The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingd ...
after the death of his father,
Olav V Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norw ...
. *
January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4,
Pan American World Airways Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was an American airline that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States ...
ceases its operations. * January 22 – Gulf War: The
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
SAS patrol,
Bravo Two Zero Bravo Two Zero was the call sign of an eight-man British Army Special Air Service (SAS) patrol, deployed into Iraq during the First Gulf War in January 1991. According to Chris Ryan's account, the patrol was given the task of gathering intelli ...
, is deployed in Iraq. *
January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...
– The
government of Papua New Guinea The politics of Papua New Guinea takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system, whereby the prime minister is the head of government. Papua New Guinea is an independent Commonwealth realm, with the mo ...
signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending
fighting Combat ( French for ''fight'') is a purposeful violent conflict meant to physically harm or kill the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed ( not using weapons). Combat is sometimes resorted to as a method of self-defense, or ...
that had gone on since 1988. *
January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. *1564 – ...
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Siad Barre is overthrown and
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
enters a civil war. Three days later,
Ali Mahdi Muhammad Ali Mahdi Muhammad ( so, Cali Mahdi Maxamed, ar, علي مهدي محمد) (1 January 1939 – 10 March 2021) was a Somali entrepreneur and politician. He served as President of Somalia from 26 January 1991 to 3 January 1997. The Cairo Agreeme ...
is inaugurated as the next president. *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...
** In
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
,
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist who served as the President of South Africa, first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1 ...
of the
African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) is a Social democracy, social-democratic political party in Republic of South Africa, South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when ...
and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the
Inkatha Freedom Party The Inkatha Freedom Party ( zu, IQembu leNkatha yeNkululeko, IFP) is a right-wing political party in South Africa. The party has been led by Velenkosini Hlabisa since the party's 2019 National General Conference. Mangosuthu Buthelezi founded ...
agree to end violence between the two organizations. ** Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the
Battle of Khafji The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Persian Gulf War. It took place in and around the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji, from 29 January to 1 February 1991 and marked the culmination of the Coalition's air campaign ...
, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.


February

*
February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
**
USAir Flight 1493 On the evening of February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Though air traff ...
collides with a SkyWest Airlines
Fairchild Metroliner The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro) is a 19-seat, pressurized, twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San ...
at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people. ** A 6.4 Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured. *
February 7 Events Pre-1600 * 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor. * 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. * 1301 &nd ...
**1991 Haitian coup d'état:
Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...
's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the
U.S. The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29. ** The
Provisional Irish Republican Army The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reun ...
launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a
cabinet meeting A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the executive branch's top leaders. Members of a cabinet are usually called cabinet ministers or secretaries. The function of a cabinet varies: in some countrie ...
. ** Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war. * February 11 – The
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, or simply UNPO is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991 in The Ha ...
(UNPO) is formed in
The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...
, Netherlands. * February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis.
US military intelligence The Military Intelligence Corps is the intelligence branch of the United States Army. The primary mission of military intelligence in the United States Army is to provide timely, relevant, accurate, and synchronized intelligence and electronic ...
claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a
bomb shelter A bomb shelter is a structure designed to provide protection against the effects of a bomb. Types of shelter Different kinds of bomb shelters are configured to protect against different kinds of attack and strengths of hostile explosives. Air ...
. *
February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...
– The
Visegrád Group The Visegrád Group (also known as the Visegrád Four, the V4, or the European Quartet) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The alliance aims to advance co-op ...
, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of
Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...
,
Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
, and
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Singing Revolution: The
Council of Lithuania The Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Taryba, german: Litauischer Staatsrat, pl, Rada Litewska), after July 11, 1918 the State Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba) was convened at the Vilnius Conference that took place betwe ...
declares the independence of Lithuania, ending decades of Soviet rule over the country. *
February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. *1268 & ...
– The
Provisional Irish Republican Army The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reun ...
explodes bombs in the early morning, at both
Paddington station Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a Central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area. The site has been the London terminus of services provided by the Great ...
and Victoria station, in London. *
February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland ...
President of Albania The president of Albania ( sq, Presidenti i Shqipërisë), officially styled the President of the Republic of Albania ( sq, Presidenti i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representa ...
Ramiz Alia Ramiz Tafë Alia (; 18 October 1925 – 7 October 2011) was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Alban ...
dismisses the government of
Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
Adil Çarçani Adil Çarçani (5 May 1922 – 13 October 1997) was an Albanian politician who served as the 24th Prime Minister of Albania during the Communist era led by Enver Hoxha. He served as the titular head of the Albanian government in the years immedia ...
and appoints
Fatos Nano Fatos Nano (; born 16 September 1952) is an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005. He was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member ...
as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests. *
February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...
– Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours. * February 23 – In
Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état. *
February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...
– Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in
Dhahran Dhahran ( ar, الظهران, ''Al-Dhahran'') is a city located in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. With a total population of 240,742 as of 2021, it is a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry. Together with the nearby citi ...
, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war. *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
– Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolution ...
announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7. * February 27 ** Gulf War:
U.S. President The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States ...
Bush Bush commonly refers to: * Shrub, a small or medium woody plant Bush, Bushes, or the bush may also refer to: People * Bush (surname), including any of several people with that name **Bush family, a prominent American family that includes: *** ...
declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the
Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf ( fa, خلیج فارس, translit=xalij-e fârs, lit=Gulf of Persis, Fars, ), sometimes called the ( ar, اَلْخَلِيْجُ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a Mediterranean sea (oceanography), me ...
on March 10. ** In the Bangladeshi general election, the
Bangladesh Nationalist Party The Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( bn, বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল, Bangladesh Jātīyotābādī Dol; BNP) is a centre-right to right-wing nationalist, political party in Bangladesh and one of the major ...
wins 139 of 300 seats in the
Jatiyo Sangshad The Jatiya Sangsad ( bn, জাতীয় সংসদ, lit=National Parliament, translit=Jatiyô Sôngsôd), often referred to simply as the ''Sangsad'' or JS and also known as the House of the Nation, is the supreme legislative body of B ...
, leading BNP leader
Khaleda Zia Khaleda Zia (; born Khaleda Khanam Putul in 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from March 1991 to March 1996, and again from June 2001 to October 2006. She was the first female prime minister of Ba ...
to become the
president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
on March 19.


March

*
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...
** Singing Revolution: Voters in
Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
and
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
vote more than 3-to-1 in favor of independence from the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. ** The first presidential election in the
history of São Tomé and Príncipe The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese sometime between 1469 and 1471. After the islands were discovered by the explorers João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar, Portuguese navigato ...
is won by
Miguel Trovoada Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa Trovoada (born December 27, 1936) was the prime minister from 1975 to 1979 and second president of São Tomé and Príncipe 1991 to 2001. On 16 July 2014, he was appointed the Special Representative of the Unite ...
. **A video captures the beating of motorist
Rodney King Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965June 17, 2012) was an African American man who was a victim of police brutality. On March 3, 1991, he was beaten by Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers during his arrest after a pursuit for driving whi ...
by
Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
police officers. Four Los Angeles police officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating. *
March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...
Prime Minister of India
Chandra Shekhar Chandra Shekhar ( 17 April 1927 – 9 August 2015) was an Indian politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal with ...
resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power. *
March 9 Events Pre-1600 * 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. * 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. * 1226 &nda ...
Massive demonstrations are held against
Slobodan Milošević Slobodan Milošević (, ; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the president of Serbia within Yugoslavia from 1989 to 1997 (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent republic of ...
in
Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...
; two people are killed and
tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
s are deployed in the streets. *
March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...
– Salvadoran Civil War: In the Salvadoran legislative election, the
Nationalist Republican Alliance The Nationalist Republican Alliance ( es, Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, ARENA) is a conservative, right-wing political party of El Salvador. It was founded on 30 September 1981 by retired Salvadoran Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson. It defines ...
wins 39 of the 48 seats in the legislative assembly. *
March 13 Events Pre-1600 *624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. *1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. *1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
** The
U.S. Department of Justice The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United State ...
announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in
Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
. ** The Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the
American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...
and Canadian governments. * March 14 **Gulf War:
Emir of Kuwait The Emir of the State of Kuwait is the monarch and head of state of Kuwait, the country's most powerful office. The emirs of Kuwait are members of the Al Sabah dynasty. Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became the emir of Kuwait on 30 Sep ...
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006) ( ar, الشيخ جابر الأحمد الجابر الصباح, translit=ash-Shaykh Jābir al-ʾAḥmad al-Jābir aṣ-Ṣabāḥ) was Emir of Kuwait and Commander of the Kuwai ...
returns to
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
after seven months of exile in
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...
. **
The Troubles The Troubles ( ga, Na Trioblóidí) were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an " ...
: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a
public house A pub (short for public house) is a kind of drinking establishment which is licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term ''public house'' first appeared in the United Kingdom in late 17th century, and was ...
in a
Provisional IRA The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republicanism, Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, fa ...
attack, the "
Birmingham Six The Birmingham Six were six Irishmen who were each sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975 following their false convictions for the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings. Their convictions were declared unsafe and unsatisfactory and quashed by the C ...
" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence. *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...
**
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
formally regains complete independence after the four
post-World War II The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era started in late 1945 (when World War II ended) for all countries involved, defined by the decline of all colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers; the Soviet Union (US ...
occupying powers (
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, the
U.K. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
, the
U.S. The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
, and the
U.S.S.R. The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
) relinquish all remaining rights to the country. ** The U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939. *
March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
** Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In a national referendum, 77% of voters in the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
vote in favor of keeping the 15
Soviet republics The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics ( rus, Сою́зные Респу́блики, r=Soyúznye Respúbliki) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( ...
together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum. ** In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the
parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...
, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland. *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– The
Sierra Leone Civil War The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002), or the Sierra Leonean Civil War, was a civil war in Sierra Leone that began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Liberia, Liberian dictato ...
begins when the
Revolutionary United Front The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was a rebel group that fought a failed eleven-year war in Sierra Leone, beginning in 1991 and ending in 2002. It later transformed into a political party, which still exists today. The three most senior surv ...
attempts a coup against the Sierra Leone government. *
March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate o ...
– The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by
Nicéphore Soglo Nicéphore Dieudonné Soglo (born November 29, 1934) is a Beninese politician who was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He was Mayor of Cotonou from 2003 to 2015. Soglo was married to Rosine Vieyra Soglo, ...
. *
March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
** In
Mali Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali ...
, military officers led by
Amadou Toumani Touré Amadou Toumani Touré (4 November 19489 November 2020) was a Malian politician. He supervised Mali's first multiparty elections as chairman of the transitional government (1991–1992), and later became the second democratically-elected Presiden ...
arrest
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Moussa Traoré Moussa Traoré (25 September 1936 – 15 September 2020) was a Malian soldier, politician, and dictator who was President of Mali from 1968 to 1991. As a Lieutenant, he led the military ousting of President Modibo Keïta in 1968. Thereafter he ...
and suspend the
constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When ...
. **
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
,
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
,
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
and
Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
sign the
Treaty of Asunción The Treaty of Asunción was a treaty between the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay signed on March 26, 1991. The objective of the treaty, signed in Asunción, was to establish a common market among the participating countries, ...
, establishing
Mercosur The Southern Common Market, commonly known by Spanish abbreviation Mercosur, and Portuguese Mercosul, is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina ...
. *
March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
**
Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling
Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh), sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party (AWP), was the ruling and sole legal party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991). It was founded o ...
won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the
parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...
.
Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expe ...
& Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p137
**Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent
Republic of Georgia A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
.


April

*
April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. J ...
Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of
consumer goods in the Soviet Union Consumer goods in the Soviet Union were usually produced by a two-category industry. Group A was "heavy industry", which included all goods that serve as an input required for the production of some other, final good. Group B was "consumer goods ...
. *
April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...
Iraq disarmament crisis The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biologi ...
: The
UN Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the Organs of the United Nations, six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international security, international peace and security, recommending the admi ...
passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons and a complete ban of
ballistic missile A ballistic missile is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target. These weapons are guided only during relatively brief periods—most of the flight is unpowered. Short-range ballistic missiles stay within the ...
s with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's support for international terrorism; it is accepted by Iraq three days later. * April 4 **
U.S. Senator The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The composition and powe ...
John Heinz Henry John Heinz III (October 23, 1938 – April 4, 1991) was an American businessman and Republican politician from Pennsylvania. Heinz represented the Pittsburgh suburbs in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and ...
and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion,
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
. ** Forty people are taken hostage in
Sacramento ) , image_map = Sacramento County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sacramento Highlighted.svg , mapsize = 250x200px , map_caption = Location within Sacramento ...
, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed. * April 5 ** Former
U.S. Senator The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The composition and powe ...
John Tower John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Tower ...
and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick,
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
. ** Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' leaves an observatory in Earths orbit to study
gamma ray A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically ...
s before returning on April 11. It is followed by Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', which studies instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative from April 29 to May 6. Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' carries the
Spacelab Spacelab was a reusable laboratory developed by European Space Agency (ESA) and used on certain spaceflights flown by the Space Shuttle. The laboratory comprised multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier, ...
into orbit on June 5. *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
– The first Soviet troops leave
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. * April 10 ** A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites. ** The Italian ferry ''Moby Prince disaster, Moby Prince'' collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor. * April 12 – The Warsaw Stock Exchange opens in Economy of Poland, Poland. *April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later. * April 15 ** The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated. ** End of Apartheid: The European Economic Community lifts Disinvestment from South Africa, economic sanctions on
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
. * April 16 – April 18, 18 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Japan–Soviet Union relations, Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the Kuril Islands dispute, two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands. * April 17 – The
Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity inde ...
closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46. * April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program. * April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. * April 22 **A 7.7 1991 Limon earthquake, Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries. **In Taiwan, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years. *April 23 – Prime Minister of Iceland Steingrímur Hermannsson resigns following 1991 Icelandic parliamentary election, an inconclusive parliamentary election; he is succeeded by Davíð Oddsson on April 30. * April 26 ** A series of Tornado outbreak of April 26, 1991, 55 tornadoes break out in the Midwestern United States, central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes Andover, Kansas, Andover, Kansas. ** Esko Aho at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland. * April 29 ** A 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, tropical cyclone hits
Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
, killing an estimated 138,000 people. ** A 7.0 1991 Racha earthquake, earthquake in Racha,
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless. * April 29 – April 30, 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema replacing him two days later.


May

* May 1 – Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.Wright, George. ''The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945'', 1997. Page 159. * May 6 – In the
U.S. The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
, ''Time (magazine), Time'' magazine publishes "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power," an article highly critical of the Scientology movement. * May 12 – Nepal holds its first multiparty 1991 Nepalese legislative election, legislative election since 1959 Nepalese legislative election, 1959. * May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female Prime Minister of France, prime minister. * May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British Monarch, British monarch to address the
U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washin ...
during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C. * May 18 – Somaliland secedes from
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
; its independence is List of states with limited recognition, not recognised by the international community. * May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the 1991 Croatian independence referendum, Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave Yugoslavia. * May 21 **At Sriperumbudur, India, a suicide bomber attacks a political meeting, Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others. **Ethiopian Civil War: Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end. * May 22 – Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by Chung Won-shik two days later. * May 24 – Following authorisation by Prime Minister of Israel, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences to airlift most of the remaining Beta Israel community from Ethiopia to Israel. *May 25 – The 1991 Surinamese general election, Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed New Front for Democracy and Development.Dieter Nohlen, Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p614 * May 26 – Lauda Air Flight 004, Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok,
Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
, killing all 223 people on board. * May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital Addis Ababa.


June

* June 3 – Mount Unzen in Volcanoes in japan, Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of pyroclastic flow. * June 4 **
Fatos Nano Fatos Nano (; born 16 September 1952) is an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005. He was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member ...
resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike.
President of Albania The president of Albania ( sq, Presidenti i Shqipërisë), officially styled the President of the Republic of Albania ( sq, Presidenti i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representa ...
Ramiz Alia Ramiz Tafë Alia (; 18 October 1925 – 7 October 2011) was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Alban ...
appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor. ** A large solar flare triggers an anomalously large aurora as far south as
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
. * June 5 **President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid dismisses Prime Minister of Algeria, Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche following 11 days of protests against the government and replaces him with Sid Ahmed Ghozali. ** End of Apartheid:
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
repeals the last legal foundations of
apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
. * June 7 – Approximately National Victory Celebration, 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C., Washington, D.C. * June 9 – A major collapse at the Mining industry of Eswatini, Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later. * June 12 **
Boris Yeltsin Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
is elected President of Russia, President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR; he officially begins his term on July 10. ** Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers 1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, kill 152 civilians in Kokkadichcholai. ** The
Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh), sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party (AWP), was the ruling and sole legal party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991). It was founded o ...
is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of Communist Albania, communist rule in Albania. * June 15 ** In the Philippines,
Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon. Its eruptive history w ...
erupts in the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800. This eruption caused a global cooling of the world by around 0.4°C. ** The 1991 Indian general election, Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India. * June 16 – Father's Day Bank Massacre: Four security guards are shot to death during a bank robbery at the United Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved. * June 17 ** End of Apartheid: The South African parliament, South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950, Population Registration Act, which had required Apartheid, racial classification of all South Africans at birth. **President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints Mesut Yılmaz as Prime Minister of Turkey, Prime Minister following Yıldırım Akbulut's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of Süleyman Demirel.''Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı'', Tempo yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998 * June 20 – In West Germany, the Bundestag Decision on the Capital of Germany, votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin. * June 23 – June 28, 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles. * June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia. * June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russia.


July

* July 1 ** In the
U.S. The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
, telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh,
Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
, and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly twelve million customers. ** The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague,
Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...
. ** The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland. * July 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. * July 4 – President of Colombia César Gaviria lifts the country's 7-year-long state of emergency. * July 9 ** End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics, readmits South Africa to the Olympic Games, Olympics. The next day, George H. W. Bush, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted United States sanctions, U.S. sanctions on South Africa–United States relations, South Africa. ** Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the
U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washin ...
. Later on September 16, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Colonel, Col. Oliver North of all charges. * July 11 ** A Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere. It is seen by 20 million people in Hawaii, Mexico, and Colombia. **Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...
, killing all 261 people on board. * July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the List of bank mergers in the United States, largest bank merger in history. * July 16 – President of the Soviet Union, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7. * July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which had been fought since 1989. * July 22 ** US Boxing, U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington three days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana. ** American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of eleven men and boys are found in his Milwaukee apartment. * July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India. * July 25 – British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an extrasolar planet. * July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion. * July 31 **George H. W. Bush, U.S. President Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I in Moscow,
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. ** Singing Revolution: OMON, Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit (OMON) forces kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.


August

* August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which opens on October 30. * August 4 – The cruise liner ''
MTS Oceanos MTS ''Oceanos'' was a French-built and Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship without helping th ...
'' sinks off the Cape of Good Hope, coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by South African Air Force, SAAF helicopters. * August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the
World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet. Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web se ...
project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created. * August 7 – Former Iranian Prime Minister of Iran, prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes. * August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses. * August 17 – The remains of the Prussian king, Prussian King Frederick II of Prussia, Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany. * August 17 – August 20, 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage. * August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: President of the Soviet Union, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, an attempted coup. Led by List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the White House (Moscow), parliament building. He returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders. * August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
the next day. * August 22 – Singing Revolution: Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. It is followed by the United States, U.S. on September 2 and the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
on September 6. *August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the Flag of Russia, white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag. * August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union. * August 25 ** Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Battle of Vukovar, Serbian forces begin an attack on the Croatian town of Vukovar. ** Linus Torvalds posts messages to the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix, regarding the new operating system kernel he had developed, called Linux. **Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest History of Formula One, Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the 1991 Belgian Grand Prix, Belgian Grand Prix. * August 29 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Maronites, Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile. * August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Azerbaijan. * August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare their independence; Tajikistan follows suit on September 9.


September

* September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, Hamlet, North Carolina, Hamlet chicken processing plant fire, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people. * September 4 – Sverdlovsk, Russia, Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its De-Communisation, pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg. * September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union. * September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The North Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a Macedonia naming dispute, name dispute with Greece–North Macedonia relations, Greece. * September 11 **Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Israel releases Palestinian prisoners of Israel, 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last Lebanon hostage crisis, western hostages in Lebanon. **The
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
announces plans to withdraw Cuba–Soviet Union relations, military and economic aid to Cuba. * September 15 – In the 1991 Swedish general election, Swedish general election, the Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister of Sweden, Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson. * September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia,
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Federated States of Micronesia, Micronesia join the UN. * September 19 – Ötzi, Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps. * September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16. * September 21 – September 30, 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq and weapons of mass destruction, Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the U.N. Security Council, UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq. * September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time. * September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity. * September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war. * September 27 – U.S President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5. * September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlácatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, 1989 murders of six Jesuits.


October

* October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army Croatian War of Independence, surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992. * October 3 – Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the House banking scandal, closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks. *October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden. * October 6 – Mikhail Gorbachev, President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar, Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of History of the Jews in Ukraine, 35,000 Jews in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukraine during Eastern Front (World War II), WWII. * October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of President of Croatia, Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day. * October 11 ** In the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6. ** Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council, UN Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 715, Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the United Nations Special Commission, Special Commission." Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful". * October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll. * October 13 – In the 1991 Bulgarian parliamentary election, Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria), Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
.
Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expe ...
& Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p369
* October 15 ** Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement. ** The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of
Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...
and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland. * October 18 – The
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
restores its Israel–Russia relations, diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the Six-Day War, 1967 Six-Day War. * October 20 ** The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria. ** A Oakland firestorm of 1991, large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, Oakland, California, Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others. ** A 6.8 Moment magnitude scale, Mw 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, earthquake strikes Uttarkashi district, Uttarkashi,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes. * October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released. * October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end Cambodian Civil War, the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia. * October 27 – The first 1991 Polish parliamentary election, free parliamentary elections in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
since 1928 Polish legislative election, 1928 are held. * October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern United States, northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities. * October 29 – NASA's Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid. * October 31 – November 3 – The 1991 Halloween blizzard, Halloween blizzard hits the Upper Midwest, U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.


November

* November 4 – November 5, 5 – End of Apartheid: The
African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) is a Social democracy, social-democratic political party in Republic of South Africa, South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when ...
leads a general strike, demanding representation in Government of South Africa, the government and an end to the value-added tax. * November 5 – China and Vietnam restore China–Vietnam relations, diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. * November 6 – The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by Ukase, presidential decree. * November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in ''Nature (journal), Nature''. * November 9 – The British Joint European Torus, JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power. * November 14 **American government, American and Government of the United Kingdom, British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan Intelligence Service, Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103. ** House of Norodom, Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile. ** Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Communion, Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland (academic), Thomas Sutherland free. * November 18 ** Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They Vukovar massacre, kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war. ** An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown, shot down by Armenian military, Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Khojavend district, Azerbaijan. * November 21 – The 1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, UN Security Council recommends Prime Minister of Egypt, Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the United Nations, Secretary-General of the UN. * November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left (UK), Democratic Left in its place. * November 24 – Queen (band), Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss (band), Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer. * November 26 – The National Assembly (Azerbaijan), National Assembly of Azerbaijan Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azerbaijani language, Azeri names. * November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The
UN Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the Organs of the United Nations, six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international security, international peace and security, recommending the admi ...
unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of United Nations Protection Force, peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.


December

* December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine, Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for Ukrainian Independence Day, independence from the Soviet Union in a 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, referendum. * December 4 ** Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon. **John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. * December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, Belarus, and Ukraine sign Belovezha Accords, an agreement officially ending the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. * December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces Paulin Dvor massacre, kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia. * December 12 ** The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja. **Ukraine becomes the first Post-Soviet states, post-Soviet republic to LGBT rights by country or territory, decriminalize homosexuality. * December 15 – The Egyptian ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people. * December 16 – The United Nations General Assembly, UN General Assembly adopts United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism. * December 19 **Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Australian Labor Party, Labor Party December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill, leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day. ** Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of . * December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time. * December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a 1991–92 Georgian coup d'état, military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia. * December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President of Russia, President
Boris Yeltsin Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, declaring that
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the United Nations. * December 25 ** Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the History of the Soviet Union, 69-year-old state. ** The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR officially renames itself the ''Russia, Russian Federation''. * December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, and adjourns ''Adjournment sine die, sine die'', ending the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.


Births


January

* January 3 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019) * January 7 ** Eden Hazard, Belgian football player ** Caster Semenya, South African athlete * January 9 – Álvaro Soler, Spanish-German singer *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
– Pixie Lott, British singer *
January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
– Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper *
January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...
** Trevor Bauer, American baseball player ** Willa Fitzgerald, American actress * January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress * January 20 – Jolyon Palmer, British racing driver, motorsport commentator and columnist * January 21 – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor, writer and director * January 23 – Steve Birnbaum, American footballer * January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...
– Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster, Hugh Grosvenor, British aristocrat, billionaire and businessman


February

* February 4 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer * February 6 ** Maxi Iglesias, Spanish actor and model ** Aleksandar Katai, Serbian footballer * February 8 ** Genzebe Dibaba, Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner ** Wahbi Khazri, Tunisian footballer * February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress and singer * February 14 ** Raquel Calderón Argandoña, Chilean actress, singer, and lawyer ** Karol G, Colombian reggaeton singer and songwriter * February 17 ** Ed Sheeran, English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor ** Bonnie Wright, English actress, film director, screenwriter, model, and producer *
February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. *1268 & ...
** Malese Jow, American actress and singer ** Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009) *
February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland ...
– Hidilyn Diaz, Filipina Olympic weightlifter and airwoman * February 21 ** Riyad Mahrez, French-Algerian footballer ** Solar (singer), Solar, South Korean singer and actress ** Joe Alwyn, English actor *
February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...
– Robin Stjernberg, Swedish pop singer *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
– CL (singer), CL, South Korean singer and dancer * February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress


March

*
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...
– Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer and actress * March 4 – Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor * March 5 – Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer *
March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...
– Tyler, The Creator, American rapper * March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor, singer, and musician * March 11 ** Linlin, Chinese singer ** Poonam Pandey, Indian Bollywood actress *
March 13 Events Pre-1600 *624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. *1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. *1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– Luan Santana, Brazilian singer * March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician * March 21 – Antoine Griezmann, French footballer *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Madelyn Deutch, American actress, director, musician and writer * March 28 – Derek Carr, American football player * March 29 ** Irene (singer), Irene, South Korean singer, rapper, television host, and model She grew up in Buk-gu, Daegu, Buk-gu. ** N'Golo Kanté, French footballer ** Hayley McFarland, American actress


April

*
April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...
– Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress * April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress * April 5 – Yassine Bounou, Moroccan football player * April 7 – Anne-Marie, English singer *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
– Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer * April 10 – AJ Michalka, American actress, voice actress, singer and musician * April 11 ** Thiago Alcântara, Spanish footballer ** James Magnussen, Australian swimmer * April 15 ** Javier Fernández (figure skater), Javier Fernandez, Spanish figure skater ** Anastasia Vinnikova, Belarusian singer * April 20 – Luke Kuechly, American football player * April 25 – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer


May

* May 2 ** Jeong Jinwoon, South Korean idol singer and actor ** Ilya Zakharov, Russian diver * May 3 – Carlo Acutis, English-born Italian Catholic computer programmer, beatified (d. 2006) * May 5 – Raúl Jiménez, Mexican footballer * May 8 – Laura Chimaras, Venezuelan actress * May 9 – Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovan judoka * May 22 ** Sophia Abrahão, Brazilian actress ** Suho, South Korean singer, actor, and model * May 23 – Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer * May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer * May 25 – Derrick Williams (basketball), Derrick Williams, American basketball player * May 27 – Beauden Barrett, New Zealand rugby union player * May 28 – Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer * May 29 – Tan Zhongyi, Chinese chess player * May 31 – Azealia Banks, American singer


June

* June 1 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress * June 3 – Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer * June 4 – Ben Stokes, English international cricketer * June 7 ** Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress ** Olivia Rogowska, Australian tennis player * June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer * June 14 ** André Carrillo, Peruvian footballer ** Kostas Manolas, Greek footballer ** Jesy Nelson, English singer * June 16 ** Siya Kolisi, South African rugby union player ** Joe McElderry, British singer and model ** Tameka Yallop, Australian footballer * June 17 – Staz Nair, British actor and singer * June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress * June 19 – Neta Rivkin, Israeli rhythmic gymnast * June 20 – Kalidou Koulibaly, French-Senegalese footballer * June 21 – J. C. Greyling, Namibian rugby union player * June 23 ** Katie Armiger, American singer ** Fakhreddine Ben Youssef, Tunisian footballer * June 24 – Max Ehrich, American actor, singer, and dancer * June 25 ** Christa Théret, French actress ** Victor Wanyama, Kenyan footballer * June 28 ** Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer ** Kang Min-hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor, and singer ** Seohyun, South Korean singer and actress * June 29 ** Kawhi Leonard, American basketball player ** Suk Hyun-jun, South Korean footballer


July

* July 2 ** Kim Go-eun, South Korean actress ** Burna Boy, Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter * July 3 – Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player * July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor and musician * July 7 – Alesso, Swedish DJ and music producer * July 8 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer * July 9 – Mitchel Musso, American actor, musician and singer * July 10 – Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress * July 12 – James Rodríguez, Colombian footballer * July 13 – Seppe Smits, Belgian snowboarder * July 15 ** Derrick Favors, American basketball player ** Evgeny Tishchenko, Russian heavyweight boxer * July 16 – Alexandra Shipp, American actress * July 21 – Sara Sampaio, Portuguese model * July 22 – Tomi Juric, Australian footballer * July 23 ** Lauren Mitchell, Australian artistic gymnast ** Kianoush Rostami, Iranian weightlifter * July 24 – Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress * July 25 – Amanda Kurtović, Norwegian handball player * July 30 – Daria Kondakova, Russian rhythmic gymnast * July 31 – Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer


August

* August 3 – Ismail Juma, Tanzanian long-distance runner (d. 2017) * August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress * August 6 ** Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model ** Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer * August 7 – Mike Trout, American baseball player * August 8 – Joël Matip, German footballer * August 9 ** Alexa Bliss, American professional wrestler ** Hansika Motwani, Indian actress * August 10 – Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian television actress (d. 2016) * August 11 – Estelle Nze Minko, French handball player * August 12 – Lakeith Stanfield, American actor and rapper * August 16 ** Evanna Lynch, Irish actress ** Young Thug, American hip hop artist * August 18 – Brianna Rollins-McNeal, American track and field athlete * August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player * August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver * August 26 – Dylan O'Brien, American actor


September

* September 4 ** Adrien Bart, French sprint canoeist ** Carter Jenkins, American actor * September 9 ** Kelsey Chow, American actress ** Oscar (footballer, born 1991), Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior, Brazilian footballer ** Lauren Daigle, American singer and songwriter ** Hunter Hayes, American singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist * September 11 ** Jordan Ayew, Ghanaian footballer ** Kygo, Norwegian DJ and record producer * September 12 – Thomas Meunier, Belgian footballer * September 13 – Ksenia Afanasyeva, Russian artistic gymnast * September 14 – Nana (entertainer), Nana, South Korean singer, actress, and model * September 15 – Alex Florea, Romanian singer * September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model * September 17 ** Minako Kotobuki, Japanese actress and singer ** Mena Massoud, Canadian actor ** Sanne Wevers, Dutch gymnast * September 22 – Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Malaysian archer * September 23 – Key (singer), Key, Korean singer * September 25 **Emmy Clarke, American actress **Alexander Rossi, American race car driver * September 27 ** Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player ** Islam Makhachev, Russian professional mixed martial artist


October

* October 1 – Gus Kenworthy, British-American Olympic freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber * October 2 – Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer * October 4 – Leigh-Anne Pinnock, English singer and songwriter * October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor, rapper, and dancer * October 7 ** Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer in Glendale, California ** Lay Zhang, Chinese singer, actor, dancer, and producer * October 10 ** Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer ** Lali Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model ** Mariana Pajón, Colombian cyclist ** Xherdan Shaqiri, Swiss footballer * October 11 – Toby Fox, American video game developer and video game composer * October 16 ** Phan Thi Ha Thanh, Vietnamese artistic gymnast ** Jedward (John and Edward Grimes), Irish twin pop singers * October 17 – Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer * October 18 – Tyler Posey, American actor and musician * October 21 – Artur Aleksanyan, Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler * October 23 ** Emil Forsberg, Swedish footballer ** Princess Mako of Akishino, Japanese princess * October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress * October 30 ** Artemi Panarin, Russian ice hockey player ** Tomáš Satoranský, Czech basketball player


November

* November 1 ** Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast ** Anthony Ramos (actor), Anthony Ramos, American actor, singer and songwriter * November 4 ** Olta Boka, Albanian singer ** Bee Vang, American actor * November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model * November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress * November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete * November 13 – Devon Bostick, Canadian actor * November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress, producer, and activist * November 16 – Park Hyung-sik, South Korean singer, dancer and actor * November 20 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor * November 21 ** Almaz Ayana, Ethiopian long-distance runner ** Dmitry Martynov, Russian actor * November 23 – Christian Cueva, Peruvian footballer * November 24 – Baghdad Bounedjah, Algerian footballer * November 27 – Himanshi Khurana, Indian model, actress and singer * November 29 – Becky James, Welsh racing cyclist


December

* December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer * December 2 ** Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier ** Brandon Knight (basketball), Brandon Knight, American basketball player ** Charlie Puth, American singer * December 4 – Hayley Arceneaux, American physician assistant and astronaut * December 6 ** Milica Mandić, Serbian taekwondo athlete ** CoCo Vandeweghe, American tennis player * December 9 ** Choi Min-ho, South Korean rapper and TV host ** Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince * December 10 – Kiki Bertens, Dutch tennis player * December 11 – Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer * December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress * December 19 ** Jorge Blanco (musician), Jorge Blanco, Mexican musician, singer, dancer, and actor ** Sumire Uesaka, Japanese voice actress and singer * December 20 ** Jorginho (footballer, born December 1991), Jorginho, Brazilian-Italian footballer ** Jillian Rose Reed, American actress * December 22 – DaBaby, American rapper * December 24 – Louis Tomlinson, British singer * December 26 ** Andritany Ardhiyasa, Indonesian footballer ** Eden Sher, American actress * December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress * December 28 – Belime, Lebanese-born singer * December 30 – Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player


Deaths


January

* January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1912) * January 4 ** Poon Lim, Chinese sailor (b. 1918) ** Richard Maibaum, American film producer, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1909) *
January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...
– Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922) * January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960) * January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905) *
January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
** Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904) ** Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913) * January 14 – Salah Khalaf, Palestinian officer (b. 1933) *
January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...
– King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903) * January 19 – John Russell (actor), John Russell, American actor (b. 1921) * January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942) * January 25 ** Lilian Bond, English actress (b. 1908) ** Frank Soo, English footballer and manager (b. 1914) * January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (Chicago Bears) and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903) *
January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...
– Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907) * January 30 ** John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908) ** John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)


February

*
February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901) * February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921) * February 5 ** Pedro Arrupe, Spanish priest (b. 1907) ** Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903) * February 6 ** Salvador Luria, Italian-born American Nobel biologist (b. 1912) ** Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912) ** María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904) * February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900) * February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902) * February 21 ** John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901) ** Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919) * February 24 – Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916) *
February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...
– Sverre Hansen (athlete), Sverre Hansen, Norwegian long jumper (b. 1899)


March

* March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909) * March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928) *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...
– William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909) * March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900) * March 14 ** Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950) ** Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...
– Robin Hill (biochemist), Robin Hill, British plant biochemist (b. 1899) * March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1901) * March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909) *
March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Elisaveta Bagriana, Bulgarian poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1893) *
March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate o ...
– John Kerr (governor-general), Sir John Kerr, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1914) * March 25 – Marcel Lefebvre, French Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1905) * March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926) * March 29 – Lee Atwater, American political consultant and strategist (b. 1951)


April

* April 1 ** Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894) ** Paulo Muwanga, Ugandan military officer and statesman, 3rd Prime Minister of Uganda and 6th President of Uganda (b. 1921) *
April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...
– Graham Greene, English novelist (b. 1904) * April 4 – Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911) * April 5 ** Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b. 1947) **
John Tower John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Tower ...
, American politician (b. 1925) ** William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, former Governor-General of Australia (b. 1909) * April 8 ** Dead (musician), Dead, black metal vocalist (b. 1969) *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
– Forrest Towns, American Olympic athlete (b. 1914) * April 10 ** Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955) ** Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900) * April 14 – Dhalia, Indonesian actress (b. 1925) * April 16 – David Lean, English film director (b. 1908) * April 20 ** Steve Marriott, English musician (b. 1947) ** Don Siegel, American film director (b. 1912) ** Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1916) * April 23 – Johnny Thunders, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (b. 1952) * April 26 – Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910) * April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)


May

* May 1 ** Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898) ** Richard Thorpe, American film director (b. 1896) * May 3 – Jerzy Kosiński, Polish-American writer (b. 1933) * May 4 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1902) * May 6 – Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903) * May 8 ** Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907) ** Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903) * May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914) * May 15 ** Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (b. 1924) ** Ronald Lacey, English actor (b. 1935) * May 21 ** Lino Brocka, Filipino film director (b. 1939) ** Rajiv Gandhi, 6th Prime Minister of India (b. 1944) * May 22 ** Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905) ** Stan Mortensen, English footballer (b. 1921) * May 23 ** Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, 38th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1907) ** Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895) * May 24 – Gene Clark, American singer (b. 1944) * May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913) * May 31 – Angus Wilson, English novelist (b. 1913)


June

* June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941) * June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia * June 3 – Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899) * June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927) * June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903) * June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907) * June 15 ** Happy Chandler, 2nd commissioner of Major League Baseball (b. 1898) ** W. Arthur Lewis, Saint Lucian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) * June 18 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922) * June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900) * June 24 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (b. 1899) * June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910) * June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)


July

* July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor, writer, director, and producer (b. 1936) * July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935) * July 5 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901) * July 6 ** Mudashiru Lawal, Nigerian footballer (b. 1954) ** Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, 35th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1904) * July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934) * July 11 – Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (b. 1953) * July 12 – Hitoshi Igarashi, Japanese interpreter (b. 1947) * July 15 – Roger Revelle, American scientist and scholar (b. 1909) * July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915) * July 18 – Ambrus Nagy, Hungarian fencer and Olympic silver medalist (1956) (b. 1927) * July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) * July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893) * July 27 – Pierre Brunet (figure skater), Pierre Brunet, French figure skater (b. 1902) * July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)


August

* August 3 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920) * August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920) * August 5 ** Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908) ** Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917) * August 6 ** Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician, 45th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1915) ** Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923) * August 8 ** James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930) ** Ivan Kozhedub, Soviet aviator (b. 1920) * August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman, Marine, activist, and politician (b. 1907) * August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905) * August 22 ** Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-born American actress (b. 1924) ** Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937) * August 23 – Florence B. Seibert, American biochemist (b. 1897) * August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Marshall of the Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923) * August 30 ** Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944) ** Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)


September

* September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911) * September 3 ** Frank Capra, Italian-born American film director (b. 1897) ** Daniel Prenn, Russian-born German, Polish, and British tennis player (b. 1904) * September 4 – Tom Tryon, American actor and writer (b. 1926) * September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907) * September 8 ** Alex North, American film composer (b. 1910) ** Brad Davis (actor), Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949) * September 10 – Jack Crawford (tennis), Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908) * September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901) * September 17 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902) * September 24 – Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), American author (b. 1904) * September 25 ** Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913) ** Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912) * September 27 – Oona O'Neill, English actress (b. 1925) * September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer (b. 1926)


October

* October 2 – Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914) * October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet, and composer (b. 1956) * October 7 – Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (b. 1916) * October 9 – Roy Black (singer), Roy Black, German schlager actor and singer (b. 1943) * October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922) * October 12 ** Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899) ** Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, Arkady Strugatsky, Soviet-Russian sci-fi author (b. 1925) ** Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898) * October 13 – Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, 37th President of Costa Rica (b. 1921) * October 16 – Ole Beich, Danish musician (b. 1955) * October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919) * October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921) * October 25 – Bill Graham (promoter), Bill Graham, American promoter (b. 1931) * October 27 ** Howard Kingsbury, American Olympic rower – Men's eights (b. 1904) ** Andrzej Panufnik, Polish musician and composer (b. 1914) * October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy and President of the European Parliament (b. 1901)


November

* November 2 ** Irwin Allen, American film and television producer (b. 1916) ** Mort Shuman, American singer, pianist and songwriter (b. 1938) * November 5 ** Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908) ** Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923) * November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920) * November 7 – Tom of Finland, Finnish artist (b. 1920) * November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921) * November 10 – Eva Bosáková, Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. 1931) * November 13 – Paul-Émile Léger, Canadian cardinal (b. 1904) * November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928) * November 17 – Adrian Quist, Australian tennis player (b. 1913) * November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913) * November 19 – Reggie Nalder, Austrian actor (b. 1907) * November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912) * November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926) * November 24 ** Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950) ** Freddie Mercury, British lead singer and pianist (b. 1946) * November 25 – Eleanor Audley, American actress (b. 1905) * November 26 – Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908) * November 29 ** Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904) ** Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (b. 1943) ** Frank Yerby, African American historical novelist (b. 1916)


December

* December 1 ** Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (b. 1906) ** George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) * December 6 – Richard Stone, Sir Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913) * December 7 – Gordon Pirie, English athlete (b. 1931) * December 8 – Buck Clayton, American jazz trumpet player (b. 1911) * December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898) * December 10 – Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (b. 1927) * December 11 – Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906) * December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898) * December 15 – Vasily Zaitsev (sniper), Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915) * December 18 – George Abecassis, English racing driver (b. 1913) * December 20 – Walter Chiari, Italian actor (b. 1924) * December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900) * December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955) * December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1948)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst * Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Economics – Ronald Coase * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Nadine Gordimer * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi * Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann


References

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